Here is one example of a 'stated case':-
R v Billinghurst [1978] Crim LR 553.
During a rugby match and in an off-the-ball incident B punched an opposing player, in the face fracturing the jaw. B was charged with inflicting grievous bodily harm contrary to s20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. The only issue in the case was consent. Evidence was given by the victim that on previous occasions he had been punched and had himself punched opponents on the rugby field, and by a defence witness, a former International rugby player, that in the modern game of rugby punching is the rule rather than the exception.
· It was argued by the defence that in the modern game of rugby players consented to the risk of some injury and that the prosecution would have to prove that the blow struck by B was one which was outside the normal expectation of a player so that he could not be said to have consented to it by participating in the game. · The prosecution argued that public policy imposes limits on violence to which a rugby player can consent and that whereas he is deemed to consent to vigorous and even over-vigorous physical contact on the ball, he is not deemed to consent to any deliberate physical contact off the ball.
cont:-