How to run a heating system is a matter of personal choice. If you are happy to be cold at certain times of day, week, year then turn the heating down or off altogether. If you have a heating system in your house in order not to have to live according to the temperatures found outdoors then use it. What you want by way of comfortable temperature is likely to depend on what you are used to - it is in fact possible to get used to almost anything.
Lots of people in the UK wear clothing indoors which in some/many countries is regarded as outdoor clothing (jumpers in particular). Heating only some rooms some of the time, especially closing all doors off, will lead to local draughts and cold spots and the risk of dampness. Such conditions make lower temperatures particularly uncomfortable and the oscillations produce an awful environment.
As for cost, of course switching off and not using the heating is the cheapest option. As for timing on and off, one can compare with driving a car until it reaches the speed limit and then switching off the engine and letting it coast along slowing down steadily until restarting the engine and going, foot to the floor, back to the speed limit. Is that really going to be the most efficient fuel policy in the pursuit of comfort ?
Central heating is a relatively new thing to UK culture so the population is a bit lost. Where people have had it for generations it is most common to use the thermostat and turn it down at night or when the house is unoccupied. The normal temperature will generally be between 21 and 23 degrees and the drop-down will usually be of the order of 3-4 degrees. Thermostatic radiator valves are used to ensure the rooms get the chosen level of heat (and no more) each - there is rarely more than one thermostat in a house (or level) unless zone valves are employed to divide the house up into zones.
The interesting thing is that we seem to be subliminally very sensitive to small changes in temperature. Due to this we can feel chilly at 21 degrees if the temperature is in fact dropping very slowly. Conversely, if the temperature is rising very slowly at 18 degrees we can be quite comfortable. The body seems to predict where we are going - en route to a colder condition we feel colder early (warning/anticipation) and if it is warming up we are happy enough and at some point feel too warm even though we have not yet got there.