I'm not sure if it means by a factor of ten, necessarily, but by a power of any number greater than one. An amount that increases exponentially over time is (I can only assume) one that not only gets bigger, but gets bigger by a bigger amount each time.
y = x2
2 is the exponent in that equation, and 15 is the exponent in the one below.
y = 3x15 - 7
E.g. The number of earthworms in quite a large pile of leaves will increase exponentially over the course of a year if they are allowed to reproduce undisturbed.