I thought that the octane number meant that the chemical bonds in the fuel was eight hydrogen atoms connected to one carbon atom (hence hydrocarbons)
I have a friend, a boy scout leader, who used to be in the explosives section of the army. He uses his army knowledge to set up safe booby traps for his scouts when out adventuring. He tells me that most chemicals are measured in metres per second for the speed at which they burn.
So imagine that petrol is measured in the same way - I seem to remember that petrol is actually quite a slow burner measured this way.