I suspect that it would have appeared following the appearance of Norman castles in Britain following the invasion of 1066.
These castles were of a different design from the forts previously seen in Europe as they were made to be both dominant and defensive.
The were designed to intimitade the occupied people and show the 'peasants' who was in power.
During the War of the Roses, capturing and keeping the castles was initially thought to be of key importance to win the war, so many were fought over won, lost and won again...
The game is therefore a one about occupying the high defensive ground, and declaring yourself the winning king (the war of the Roses was for the throne of England).
There may be other variations throughout Europe like an early meme..
But the English language one would have originated in Britain.