Provide at least one watering space for every 15-20 cows. Water bowls deliver water at 4.5 kg/min but most cows drink at the rate of 16 to 27 kg/min. There should be 65 cm tank perimeter or one bowl for every 10 dairy cows on low dry matter feed and one bowl for every six cows on a high dry matter diet. Stray voltage decreases water intake. Limit water depth to 15-20 cm for fresher water and less debris. Provide drains for easy, regular cleansing. Waiting in line reduces the flow of blood through the feet. Provide more waterers and more space when first-calf heifers are housed with older cows. Slippery floors around waterers (wet, ice) can deter cattle from drinking, especially if competition is present.