Like others have said, the names now used are versions of versions.
They'd have known each other as Shimon, Yakov, Yochanan, Mattityahu, Tauma / Theudas (one Hebrew, one Aramic version), Yehuda and of course Joshus / Yehoshua Ben Yosef
Interestingly Filipos and Andrea must have been from Greekified families as they don't have Hebrew or Aramaic equivalents.
Variants on these names were absorbed into Arabic in the Islamic world afetr 632, as Clanad has pointed out, and into Christianised western cultures.