This thread highlights the resounding success of the FA Respect programme instituted in 2008 to combat the type of ill-disciplined behaviour described by the OP.
http://www.thefa.com/Leagues/Respect
"why don't the authorities have referees show a yellow card every time a player, or players, argue with the referee"
The FA Respect guidelines for Referees is for a public warning before cautions be issued in such a circumstance.
1. Only the captain can openly ask for clarification of a referee’s decision. This includes the period before, during and after a match.
2. If any other player challenges the referee, asks questions or harasses
the referee about decisions made, they should first be given a public warning. This is providing a player has not committed an offence which clearly falls under Law 12.
3. If a player, including the captain, openly harasses or challenges the referee, they should be cautioned and shown a yellow card.
4. If a player, including the captain, continues to harass or question decisions made by the referee, then a second yellow card should be shown and the player sent from the field of play.
http://www.thefa.com/~/media/my-football-resources/respect/refereesguide.ashx
Over and above the similar sanction for breach of Competion Rules, the FA Respect guidelines also stipulates:
1. If a manager/coach/team official berates either the referee or assistant referee or fourth official in a very public way in contravention of the Laws of the Game, he should be removed to the stand, and reported to The Football Association.