While I certainly wouldn't trust an uninstallation followed by a fresh installation to preserve all (or most) of your settings it
might do so.
If you uninstall Firefox, for example, and then reinstall it, your bookmarks, settings, etc magically reappear. That's because uninstalling the active part of the program doesn't delete your Firefox profile and that's then re-used when you reinstall the main program. So there's a possibility that the same would apply to Chrome.
However if Chrome's playing up, rather than uninstalling and then reinstalling, the first thing to try is resetting it. This explains how to do it and, importantly (in view of your question), it tells you what will, and won't, change:
https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/3296214?hl=en-GB