If you copy and paste all the names in each column into a new column, you can then remove duplicates from that new column using the Remove Duplicates option
If you then use that as the reference column, you can then have a new column for each year and ask if the name in the reference column appears anywhere in the original columns.
Say you have columns A,B,C,D and E as your original information with Column A being your first year.
In columns M,N,O,P,Q and R you have the new information.
Column M has the unique names.
N is the first year, O the second etc.
In N2 use the formula
=COUNTIF(A:A,M2)
In O2 =COUNTIF(B:B,M2)
In P2 =COUNTIF(C:C,M2)
In Q2 =COUNTIF(D:D,M2)
In R2 =COUNTIF(E:E,M2)
Then autofill for all the other rows.
That will then return a "1" If the name is in that year or "0" if it's not.
You can then filter to look for the 1s in the list in each year.