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No best answer has yet been selected by rainwight. Once a best answer has been selected, it will be shown here.
For more on marking an answer as the "Best Answer", please visit our FAQ.It depends on what you are prepared to accept as a railway.
This one (1803):
http://www.stephensonloco.fsbusiness.co.uk/surreyiron.htm
is earlier than the S&D and the link says it's the first public line. However there would have been railways (or plateways) in mines a century or so before this