Phrases such as "It's a non-starter" covered much the same idea...ie that there was no prospect of finding a solution or getting around a difficulty.
In the book of that name, Catch 22 was the concept that the only way a pilot could get out of flying missions against the enemy was that he was mentally unfit. However, such a request would inevitably be dismissed, because he was clearly bright enough mentally to know that these missions put his life in danger, so he clearly wasn't mentally unfit!
I've no idea exactly how old non-starter is either, Khandro, but we have been tagging 'non' as a prefix to nouns since the 15th century, one of the earliest recorded being non-achievement. The word is commonly used in racing situations to refer to a horse which, for one reason or another, does not participate in the race it was entered for. Horse-racing has been with us for a heck of a long time, so that was my justification for imagining, at least, that it was older than Heller's novel.
Thank you Quizmaster, but somehow the meaning encapsulated in "Catch 22" implies the desire to do something, (or in the case of the novel - not do something) and being frustrated. Whereas I feel "non-starter" states a more passive role, n'est pas?
Maybe not so passive for a potential gambler, Khandro, who might well say, "I put a score on Jiminy Cricket to win the 3.20 at Catterick today, but the bloody thing was a non-starter!" (Non-runner might also be used in these circumstances, of course.)
The punter, in other words, positively - not passively - desired something to happen but it didn't. I can't really see a great deal of difference between him and Yossarian, other than the latter's desire for it not< to happen.
But what the hey! I'll leave it at that.
Sorry about the name Quizmonster. I don't wish to be tedious, but you are defining the PUNTER, - who probably is non-passive, (though he would get his stake returned) The non-starter is the HORSE, who may be just standing in a field somewhere and not feeling like bothering today!
But in the novel, the non-starter is the request to opt out of flying, not the pilot who does that. This time, I really will call it a day or we could be here forever. Cheers