The evolution of language is largely a
continuous [and frequently unrecorded] process (with just a few jumps where new words are deliberately created to, for example, cope with the demands of new technologies), whereas the evolution of mathematics has always been in distinct (and well-recorded) stages.
It's therefore possible to provide a structured account of the way that mathematics has evolved, which simply isn't possible for the English language.
However TheSage is a superb (free!) dictionary that not only offers synonyms for words but also antonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms (and lots more as well), thus helping to place individual words within larger linguistic structures:
http://www.sequencepublishing.com/thesage.html
Why not give it a try?