Sounds like your vent pipe is blocked. The vent pipe allows air to enter the system, thus preventing negative pressure which would cause the water to be sucked out of the waste trap.
Do you have an internal air admittance valve fitted ???
If so , this has seized and will need replacing.
If not. The outside stench pipe is blocked as thechair said. It will need rodding by a plumber.
Interesting. When I had an upstairs bedroom converted to a bathroom/toilet the builder said he could remove the top bit of the down pipe as some other method was used these days. Have noticed since then that the water level is often lower than I'd expect.