Judges do not have to be publically elected at the federal level - the Supreme Court of America. New "Justices" (which is the term used for a judge in the Supreme Court) are appointed by the current president. As for your other questions, that would take days to explain, so we'll have to help you look for a Website. If you are very, very interested, you might enjoy purchasing and reading a textbook that American students would study from to learn about this topic. This is not at all to suggest that you are at a child's level of learning! Rather, such a book would tell you all of the basic, necessary information in a very straightforward manner without going off on tangents or including unnecessary details. You could buy such a book on www.Amazon.com. I still consult my old schoolbooks from my youth sometimes (for history/government, mostly), because in some instances they are a perfect help!