Academic scientists start out as PHD students, who do original reseqarch whilst being paid from 8-16k a year. which is considerably less than many milkmen. Once this is done they move on to being post-docs (PDRA's) who run the research labs and help supervise the students. They are paid up to 24k (still less than a tube driver for a job requiring 7 years training). postdocs do most of the actual quality research in the labs, or at least make it happen. Above them are the uni lecturers, each of whom has a research group. and above them are the professors. (unlike the us, a lecturer is not automatically a professor). Lecturers and senior post-docs come up with ideas which they take to the funding councils, who decide if they will award money to research those ideas. This is a competetive process and can lead to tears before bedtime. 2 years without grants and most lecturers will be sacked.