Almost certainly 'node points'. They are used by the local council/highways agency to identify sections of road for maintenance. Although these sound a bit larger than usual (though I have seen them that big), they are normally a pair of squares or circles about 4" across, or sometimes road studs are used. Some will say they are also used by the cops to set their speed cameras, but after working on highways in one way or another for over 20 years, I have never had anyone (police or public) confirm this.