From the Koran, //Men are managers of the affairs of women because Allah has made the one superior to the other.// Sura 4:34
That verse also gives men permission to beat disobedient wives.
There are plenty more examples of misogyny in Islamic literature, but you asked for the reasoning behind the concept and I think that gives some indication of an answer to your question.
In fairness, and all the indignation aside, it’s just as inaccurate to claim that all Muslims object to women being educated as it is to deny that many do. I think a lot of Muslims are now removing themselves from fundamental Islamic teachings such as the above, preferring instead to adopt a more liberal and hence, more beneficial way of life for themselves and their families – but back to the Islam you’re talking about - women are not considered capable of teaching adult males; in a court of law two women witnesses are required whereas one man would do, and as Brenden has indicated, women are considered to be the property of their menfolk to do with as they will.
As for comparing such a backward culture to western societies of years ago, it might sound rational but it isn’t - the reason being that the west accepts education and change and moves on, but Islam never will because its ways are decreed by its holy book and its revered writings – and, since all of that is believed to be the word of Allah and his prophet Mohammed, it is deemed immutable. Only people can change – Islam cannot.